On-prem vs. Cloud Average cost per core-hour (~25% error) ● On-premises Fermilab: 0.9 cents per core-hour (assumes 100% utilization) Fermilab CMS Tier1 Costs ● Google Cloud: 1.6 cents per core-hour (comparable to other vendors) Fermilab has years of experience in optimizing its facility Cloud costs larger, but approaching equivalence Considered well worth the cost of adding 160,000 core in a few hours Proprietary + Confidential